PROMOTING THE TEACHER EDUCATION OF POST-GRADUATE STUDENTS IN CHEMISTRY: A CASE STUDY IN THE DISCIPLINE OF INTERNSHIP TEACHING. The objective of this work was to identify evidences related to the teacher knowledge and professional identity characteristics developed by post-graduate students in Chemistry during a discipline of Teaching Internship and Teaching Methodology in Chemistry from a Federal University. The activities carried out were leaned on the discussion of chemistry teaching aspects, planning, developing and reflection about teaching experiences. The teacher education process was analyzed by students themselves by means of metacognitive reports that was employed as data research and examined using content analysis to investigate their teacher knowledge development. The results pointed out the appropriation as much teacher knowledges as aspects of teacher professional identities: search for a flexible and singular didactic-pedagogical profile; belief in constant training/qualification; difficulties and social obligation of the profession. Such results show that the activities proposed can be useful and adaptable to the reality of each post-graduate program in Chemistry. The approach is an opportunity and an incentive for post-graduate students to seek other teaching qualifications during the journey to become a university professor. Despite having contributed to teacher development, just a discipline is not enough to encompass the complexity of this process.

Resumo A apropriação de conhecimento químico se torna por muitas vezes complicada, visto que ele retrata algo não visível e necessita de imaginação e da compreensão de modelos específicos. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho é identificar como comentários feitos pelo professor permitem a evolução conceitual e o entendimento do porquê algumas substâncias possuírem cores, quando se estava debatendo sobre a interação da matéria com a radiação visível com os estudantes. Os dados foram produzidos a partir de atividades de escrita e reescrita feitas por 14 estudantes matriculados na disciplina de Química Analítica Instrumental, além da análise dos comentários. Os resultados, que foram analisados com base nos elementos da noção da relação com o saber, apontaram que é possível avaliar a aprendizagem química sobre a temática trabalhada e que a evolução conceitual é melhor alcançada quando os comentários do professor são questionadores/ provocadores, ou seja, na forma de perguntas, estabelecendo relações de saber entre estudantes e professor que melhoram o domínio da normatividade e rede de significados dos conceitos científicos envolvidos.

Abstract The appropriation of chemical knowledge is a lot complicated for students to do, because the chemistry involves something that is not visible and requires specific models and imagination. The goal this work is identify how the teacher comments allow the conceptual evolution and the understanding of why some substances have color, when discussing the interaction of matter with visible radiation with the students. The dates were produced from writing and rewriting activities had done for 14 students enrolled in the discipline of Analytical Chemistry Instrumental, beyond comments analyses. The results pointed out that it is possible to evaluate the chemical learning about the thematic studied according the elements of relationship with knowledge notion and the conceptual evolution is better when the teacher comments were questioner (in the form of the questions) what establishing relationship of knowledge among students and teacher to improve of the normativity and network of meanings domain of the scientific conceptual involved.

Resumen Este trabalho se propôs a investigar como os modelos de ligação metálica são apresentados por livros didáticos de química aprovados pelo PNLD 2015. A pesquisa foi de natureza qualitativa e seguiu princípios da análise de conteúdo. A análise ocorreu com base em quatro critérios gerais: modelo empregado (clássico, quântico ou ambos); tipo de abordagem (sobre a formação da ligação, estrutura dos metais ou ambas); modos de representação e; limitações. Os resultados demonstraram que os livros valorizam o emprego do modelo dos elétrons deslocalizados como princípio explicativo da formação ligação metálica. Diferentes modos de representação puderam ser observados, mas dificilmente se verificou a combinação do modelo estrutural com o modelo de formação para a ligação. O foco na interação eletrostática como princípio da ligação química é pouco explorado. Limitações dos modelos representados, entre elas a discrepância entre a quantidade e tamanho dos elétrons são omitidas.

Abstract This paper aims to investigate aspects of metallic bonding models presented in the chemistry textbooks approved by PNLD. The research was qualitative and was based on principles of content analysis. The analysis considered four basic principles: model employed (classical, quantum or both); approach (about formation of bonds, metallic structure or both); modes of representation and; limitations. The results showed that the books employ the delocalized electron model as an explanatory principle of the metallic bonding. Different modes of representation could be observed. However, the combination of the structural model and the explanatory model in order to explain the metallic bond was not observed. The focus on electrostatic interaction as a principle of chemical bonding is little explored. Limitations of the representations, such as the discrepancy between the quantity and size of the electrons are not discussed.

In light of the theory of relationship with know of Bernard Charlot, aiming to understand the unique stories of the subject through a positive lecture, i.e., understanding the reality and the way the subjects read and interpret the world, this article attempts identify how higher education students solve an investigative case and learn the scientific knowledge using this theory. For this, we used narrative as a discourse genre to collect the data of 34 students who participated in the small group activities. After content analysis, the results showed that all groups of students solve the case in a similar way and in three stages, prevailing relations with know with the world, with others and with yourself. However, even if the resolution is similar, chemical learning differs between different groups and differs between the scientific content present in the case. From these results it is possible to identify the effectiveness of learning depends on the epistemic and identity relationships with know of each subject (relationship with yourself) because to learn the student must enter into an intellectual activity (investigative case), stay on it and develop the relationships with known necessary to master the normativity (chemical language).

Apesar da comum utilização das analogias em livros de ciências em geral, estudos envolvendo essa presença em livros de Ensino Superior não são usuais. Nesse sentido, o presente artigo apresenta um estudo sobre as analogias encontradas nos livros de Química Geral voltados ao Ensino Superior, na tentativa de fazer um paralelo com estudos cujas análises se deram para livros de Ensino Médio. Após a leitura integral das obras, identificou-se 212 analogias, as quais foram classificadas conforme sistema de categorias adaptado de outros estudos. Foi observada maior presença de analogias nas obras do Ensino Superior, diferenças no tipo de relação analógica e menor presença de analogias ilustrativas. Também foram discutidos apontamentos sobre um uso mais adequado de algumas das analogias, assim como sobre o papel do professor.

Although analogies are commonly used in Science textbooks, studies on textbooks used in undergraduate courses are unusual. Taking this into account, this paper presents an analysis on the analogies found in General Chemistry textbooks, aiming to establish a parallel with studies whose focus was on high school textbooks. After reading the textbooks, 212 analogies were identified. They were classified according to a system of categories adapted from studies present at the literature. Undergraduates' textbooks presented more analogies than high school textbooks, differences in analogical relation and a minor presence of illustrative analogies. This work also discusses directions for an adequate use of some analogies, as well as aspects related to the teachers role.